September 28, 2025
Known and Unknown

I believe it was Donald Rumsfeld who pointed out the fact that there are known knowns, known unknowns and unknown unknowns.

The known knowns are the things we know that we know.

The known unknowns are the the things we know that we don't know.

The unknown unknowns are the things we don't know that we don't know.

It is the latter unknowns that cause most of our problems.